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  <titleInfo>
    <title>The Power of Open Norms</title>
    <subTitle>Milieudefensie et. al. v Royal Dutch Shell</subTitle>
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    <namePart>Kampourakis, Ioannis</namePart>
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    <publisher>Verfassungsblog</publisher>
    <dateIssued>2021-06-15</dateIssued>
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  <abstract displayLabel="Summary">In a judgement of 26 May, the District Court of the Hague found that Royal Dutch Shell has an “individual responsibility” to limit its carbon emissions by at least 45 percent by 2030. Notable about the ruling is the unwritten standard of care functioning as an open norm, facilitating the accountability of private power. The openness of legal categories not only entails a potential to drive forward social change, but it also implicitly highlights the political role and nature of private law.</abstract>
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  <note type="statement of responsibility">Kampourakis, Ioannis</note>
  <note type="funding">funded by the government</note>
  <subject>
    <topic>climate change</topic>
  </subject>
  <subject>
    <topic>climate change litigation</topic>
  </subject>
  <subject>
    <topic>Paris Agreement</topic>
  </subject>
  <subject>
    <topic>Shell</topic>
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  <classification authority="ddc" edition="23">342</classification>
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    <identifier type="issn">2366-7044</identifier>
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  <identifier type="doi">10.17176/20210615-193526-0</identifier>
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